"Editor's note"
Recently, Tu won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine news became a hot topic, and with this news, "malaria" and "Chinese medicine" also become Netizen discussions, such as keywords.
Malaria is a parasitic disease. Parasitic disease now appears to have been forgotten by modern, but historically it has ravaged China and its impact less than deadly diseases such as the plague. How parasitic diseases in China's history, what causes parasitic diseases of high prevalence? Shanghai Jiaotong University History Professor Li Yushang who has studied the history of diseases, related issues, Professor Li received a surging News (www.thepaper.CN) interview.
Surging News: parasite seems to have been forgotten by modern, why is that?
Li Yushang: 2009 Japan Kyoto meeting, Iijima of Aoyama Gakuin University Professor told me about such a thing in question: 780 of the last century, Japan Amano, a famous Chinese agricultural history Gennosuke had told him that, China should pay attention to the history of Agriculture Agri-environmental, agricultural environment must pay attention to parasitic diseases. Why Professor Amano on parasitic diseases, "a soft spot in my heart"? Perhaps the answer is 1926-1948 him as iron full investigation, 22 years across half of China were already in decline and the ongoing ravages of parasitic diseases in rural China, must be left a very deep impression on him.
With the epidemic of parasitic disease in the 1980 of the 20th century, China and the decline in infection rate has shrunk dramatically, or people on parasitic diseases have caused huge damage slowly faded. Japan is also the case, as in Amano Professor at Kyoto University, laboratory of parasitic diseases in the past few years has been cancelled.
Parasitic diseases, forgotten by the history of modern man, not only because of the present rate of infection is very low. During the war, Huang Shao竑 took office in Zhejiang, he witnessed a malaria in cloud, the capital and points out that: "I have always said: plague, cholera, meningitis, acute infectious diseases, just once, or death, and malaria is popular year after year, death year after year. Plague and other diseases like fire, people dare not approach; malaria such as slow water, people accessible, and easy to neglect. "For culture, and schistosomiasis is also endemic in an extremely terrible, Huang Shao竑 recalls:" leaving the city of more than 30 in a village, where more than 3,000 acres of farmland, desert, because there was this awful parasite – blood, breed in the vast paddy fields. The people of nearby villages, cut off almost killed because of this disease. "
Huang Shao竑, former Chairman of the Zhejiang Province
The ravages of parasitic diseases in the Republic from Mr Huang Shao竑 in two human experiences and maybe can see. From a longer historical view, parasitic diseases in terms of changing history, and no less than deadly infectious diseases such as the plague, the famous medical historian published in 1955 by Noriyuki pointed out in the history of the Chinese Academy of preventive medicine, "history tells us that infectious diseases could subscribe to the Rome, dying from malaria, Egypt died in schistosomiasis, Jin Ming dynasties in China died from the plague. "
Surging News: what are the main parasitic diseases in history?
Li Yushang: China in the past five major parasitic diseases, malaria, schistosomiasis, hookworm, lymphatic filariasis and leishmaniasis.
Malaria all over the provinces in China, so its name has a lot of, such as "cold" (Guangdong, Guangxi), "miasma" (Yunnan and Guizhou), "have malaria," "cold" (Sichuan, Jiangxi), and "cold fever" (Jiangsu), "malaria", "hot", "cold of spleen" (Northern Territory). Its "double steal" busy season, so Jiangxi has "rice yellow, placed in bed," said, Guizhou has "yellow millet in August, and ghosts to bed, nine out of ten people, nobody sent stew" ballads.
Malaria-endemic area of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hainan, the most serious, Southwestern and southeastern coastal provinces became the famous "malaria rampant", which has become a dynasty had to in a very long time in these areas of Jimi and toast one of the reasons. At present, malaria prevention and control in China has made significant achievements, but the situation is still very serious.
Schistosomiasis is known as the "belly" or "water", this phenomenon of ascites is terminally ill. In its early stage, and what farmers call "yellow", "hurt" or "fever," and so on, as "bloat" patients, often after the harvest, which have symptoms such as fever or diarrhea, weakness, they thought it was caused by overwork and "injured". According to the 1950-1980 survey, schistosomiasis patients in China has more than 11 million, directly threatened the population as high as 100 million. In recent years, the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River basin, China also presents proliferation trends, discover new epidemic areas.
Suffering from schistosomiasis patients
Hookworm is a history of infection a wide, harm human health and diseases that affect agricultural production heavily. Farmers refer to the disease as "lazy yellow disease." Ling Hu of huzhou in Zhejiang, also known as "yellow fat disease", the typical symptoms of "yellow" and "fat" people living with HIV have the strength, unable to do field work, but special food addiction, which is the situation of hookworm infection. Deqing in Zhejiang, which is what local people call "damp-heat yellow", local pop song about hookworm folk song: "annual, biennial fat, fields were sold for three years, four years died and was buried. "Hookworm infections due to severe inability to work, so the field can only be sold. Chinese have previously been known as the "sick man of Asia", and the prevalence of the disease there is a great relationship.
Filariasis in the name, which for many people is very strange, but the disease used to be popular is very extensive, especially in the southeastern coastal provinces and regions of the island. Description of the disease in the civil "heavy legs", "egg", "white urine", "burning", "red bar expansion", "big wind", "legs with white gourd", "water leg", and so on. The origin of the name, is because the patients legs thick feet, leg swelling and fever, other parts of the skin becomes thick and rough, like elephant skin, it is also known as "elephantiasis". Some folk from the spread of this disease can produce reflected in hazard, such as Fujian Jianyang County, "Yang Yang, bad climate, thick legs, desolation everywhere," said.
Leishmaniasis is mainly distributed in northern parts of China. The disease in northern Jiangsu Huai Hai area known as "swollen massintheabdomen" and "蝦 Ma infantile malnutrition." "Swollen massintheabdomen" means Hizou Spleen enlargement. Most patients with the disease were children, mostly in patients with body emaciated, and splenomegaly, abdominal, like cheer 蝦 Ma, it is called "蝦 Ma infantile malnutrition." According to the 1935 Yao Yongzheng's investigation, huaiyindiqu 82% in the rural villages of northern Jiangsu endemic for the disease. According to a survey in 1951, Kala-Azar prevalence is about per 10~50, with about 530,000 people.
If the history of infection rates are as high as 1950, many regions would be a vast wilderness. But that is not the case, suggesting parasitic disease is "history".
Distribution of schistosomiasis in China
Surging News: what factors led to high rates of parasite infection?
Li Yushang: hookworm disease in Sichuan, its popularity with the local agricultural structure.
The social unrest of the late Ming dynasty and early Qing dynasty the indigenous population of Sichuan dropped from Fujian and Guangdong immigrants cultivation technique of sweet potato and also to Sichuan. Qian-Jia and thereafter, sweet potatoes and corn to the hilly areas of expansion. This process not only on the expansion of sweet potatoes and corn, is also reflected in the corn, sweet potato intercropping, the formation and the increase of manure cropping system. Habit of farmers used manure after the Qian-Jia, ancylostomiasis, Sichuan general trend is the increasing population of infection, infected area continues to expand, eventually peaked in the 1950 's.
Not only that, but in both of these crops as the main food in the hilly and mountainous regions, due to nutrient levels than rice, caused by hookworm not only in the two crops as the main food area has a very high infection rate, and disorders like severe, thereby causing great damage to the body. To the Republic of China, has a population of about 40% of the total population. In the South, the choicest Kuwata, is where most of hookworm infection. Since Ming and Qing dynasties, with the expansion of traditional Sang Quzhi sang, hookworm prevalence strengthened on the other, with the expansion of sandy, hookworm disease in non-traditional Mulberry are also widely popular. Huzhou deqing, Changxing, wuxing and three counties, Tri-County 80% of the total population infected with hookworm disease, clinical sign 40%, and Sichuan NET made of sweet potato and yams, maize mixed cropping area is so similar!
South of Mulberry field
Surging News: mentioned parasitic disease is "history", can I talk to for example?
Li Yushang: it can discuss case study of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River. The early 1950-1960, infection is particularly severe in many counties in the Yangtze basin, many counties in infection rates of more than 50%. In 1972 and 1975 in Changsha, 1th of Mawangdui Han tombs Phoenix, 168th, jiangling, and two mummies unearthed in the tombs of Han dynasty, checkout Japan schistosomiasis, eggs, can prove that the history of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River Valley has a long history. If the history of popularity similar to the 1950-1960, especially South of the Yangtze River basin population will cease to exist, much less after Tang and Song dynasties as China's economic center of gravity in the region. In looking back over history of schistosomiasis, people often refer to "Hu Cun," destroyed due to schistosomiasis, in "thousands village" of the era, certainly not endemic of schistosomiasis or occur sporadically. In other words, the history of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River basin, there must be "history", went through one or several distributed, pandemic, pandemic, stop the change.
Ming and Qing dynasties, presents the dissemination of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River basin, is limited in some areas. Appear within a basin-wide pandemic is after the war. In the South, after the war, as water systems of the Yangtze River before the Central Government no longer invested quite a bit of energy, the rise of industrialization and commercialization of land as a result of falling prices and the reduction of agricultural inputs.
In the Dongting Lake area, due to blockage in the Lake District and the strong demand for food, growing development in the Lake District, and is close to the Lake area, concentrated outbreak of schistosomiasis. In the Sino-Japanese war and the war of liberation, as well as war, war is a war of mutual concern to maintain, rather than a water system repairs. The focus of Government disease control, acute infectious diseases, rather than a chronic parasitic disease. Around 1949, includes five major parasitic diseases, schistosomiasis formed 100 years popular peak, becoming most important health issue facing the new regime.
Surging News: after 1949, the new regime in the treatment of parasitic disease, response measures have on? What role was played by the traditional Chinese medicine?
Li Yushang: new Government faced the first problem is how to treat such a huge amount of patients. According to estimates by 1950, average infection rate of schistosomiasis in jiaxing County in Zhejiang rural area 71.6%, the County of 350,000 patients with schistosomiasis, antimony potassium tartrate (NA) intravenous injection was the only therapeutic drugs, a course of treatment takes 20 days. At the time admitted to hospitals, all patients treated over 100 years. Ideal--drug praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis before the advent treat schistosomiasis mainly antimonial therapy, but low efficacy and the long course of treatment, side effects of this therapy.
During the Republic of China Government's attempt to repeal the Chinese medicine, TCM has great influence, many Chinese medicine practitioners to abandon medicine because of the prospects and livelihood difficulties jobs, but there is still the main undertaker of health service of traditional Chinese medicine. As no ideal treatment drugs in the treatment of parasitic diseases in the 1950 's, Chinese medicine has been considerable exploration and experiment. Zhejiang changshan Xu Bihui discloses a abdominal water for three generations of ancestral recipes,, and unearthed many herbs and unilateral. By 1956, Zhejiang found that treatment for Chinese medicine practitioners and the public has had more than 10 species. In Haining city, Zhejiang Province, too, such as in 1955, Haining Huang Wan Xiang a farmer gave a "blood Dragon" herbs, said it was a secret recipe in the treatment of "bloat" effects. Jade Buddha Temple of Zen no mobile phone check
In the collective research in the treatment of malaria drugs, also reflected the important role of traditional Chinese medicine. Practitioners are not only looking for clues from the classics of traditional Chinese medicine, also collected throughout the country unilaterally, recipes and tips. In December 1959, Academy of traditional Chinese medicine mimeographed Edition of the history of malaria, which is the model of looking for clues from the classics of traditional Chinese medicine and experience. In 2015, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or medicine China pharmaceutical TU, selected from past medical records the high frequency of anti-malarial medicine experiments and by GE Hong of the elbow in the reserve emergency prescription "acts get a grip, a liter of water stains, twisted juice clothing" inspired by the successful extraction of artemisinin.
The history of malaria (mimeo)
And looking for acts pigment as, 1950 generation yilai of TCM doctor and pharmacy home also has been active from TCM books and around civil prescription in the looking for treatment Schistosoma disease of ideal drug, although its eventually results just TCM for late Schistosoma disease has auxiliary treatment of role, for Schistosoma disease chronic early patients of disease original treatment and no effective of method, but they of all attempts to and efforts, reflected has specific times of science spirit.
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